Ss. Lee et al., VARIATIONAL FORMULATION FOR TIMOSHENKO BEAM ELEMENT BY SEPARATION OF DEFORMATION MODE, Communications in numerical methods in engineering, 10(8), 1994, pp. 599-610
A variational formulation for a Timoshenko beam element is derived by
the separation of the deformation mode into the bending deflection and
shear deflection. Shear deflection is projected into bending deflecti
on and the projection matrix is constructed by using the equilibrium e
quation and the relation of force and displacement. The exact stiffnes
s matrix of the Timoshenko beam element can be obtained by the present
method. Examples are solved in order to show the effectiveness of the
beam element in comparison with other elements.