H. Hayashi et al., ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF PYELONEPHRITIS IN A COW, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 205(5), 1994, pp. 736-738
Ultrasonographic changes that may be associated with pyelonephritis in
clude a dilated renal collecting system, renal or ureteral calculi, ec
hogenic material within the renal collecting system, and subjective en
largement of the kidney with acute disease or a small irregular kidney
with chronic disease. Ultrasonography may help to determine disease s
everity, to direct the course of treatment, and to improve the accurac
y of diagnosis and prognosis.