Yl. Qian et al., LATTICE LOCATION OF TRACE-ELEMENTS WITHIN MINERALS AND AT THEIR SURFACES WITH X-RAY STANDING WAVES, Science, 265(5178), 1994, pp. 1555-1557
The x-ray standing waves generated by dynamical Bragg diffraction were
used to directly measure lattice locations of trace elements within a
nd at the surface of a mineral single crystal. These high-precision me
asurements were made on natural Iceland spar calcite cleaved along the
(<10(1)over bar 4>) plane and reacted with a dilute aqueous lead solu
tion. Within the bulk crystal, naturally occurring trace manganese was
found within (<10(1)over bar 4>) planes, consistent with its substitu
tion for calcium. At the crystal surface, sorbed lead was found to be
highly ordered and mostly within (<10(1)over bar 4>) planes. This demo
nstrates a powerful application of synchrotron radiation in the earth
and environmental sciences.