M. Novello et E. Elbaz, SOFT BIG-BANG MODEL INDUCED BY NONMINIMAL COUPLING, Nuovo cimento della Societa italiana di fisica. B, Relativity, classical and statistical physics, 109(7), 1994, pp. 741-746
A non-minimal coupling R(phi)2 leads to a geometrical structural chang
e in the evolution of the Universe which can be interpreted in terms o
f a quantum tunnelling process. The origin of the Universe admits thus
two interpretations: either as a classical change of the Riemannian n
ature of space-time or as a quantum process. The main consequence of t
his is a non-singular Soft Big Bang. The same kind of non-minimal coup
ling RF2 of the electromagnetic field with gravity induces non-conserv
ation of the photon number and of the total entropy.