The majority of prevention efforts offer services to individual parent
s, families, or children with the goal of altering those behaviors and
attitudes that contribute to risk. Evaluations of these efforts offer
preliminary guidelines for shaping programs and systems and for artic
ulating those critical issues in need of further study. This article i
dentifies what we know about the efficacy of prevention, highlights th
ose elements of prevention programming that suggest the most promise,
and summarizes the critical outstanding research questions surrounding
the proliferation and improvement of prevention programs.