In superacids, protonated hydrogen peroxide hydroxylates various aroma
tics to give phenols. The substrates react in their protonated forms w
ith the electrophile H3O2+. Phenols (and their methyl ethers), aniline
s, indolines, indoles, aromatic aldehydes and ketones are hydroxylated
without any degradation; protonation protects the functional group(s)
that are normally sensitive to oxidants. Electrophilic hydroxylation
of polyfunctional natural products (vincadifformine, estrane derivativ
es) has been successfully performed with H2O2/HF/SbF5.