Microwave oscillators of exceptional short term stability have been re
alised from cryogenic sapphire resonators with loaded Q-factors of 10(
9) at X-band and 6K by employing a synthesis of loop oscillator operat
ion with active Pound frequency stabilisation. These oscillators have
exhibited a fractional frequency stability of 3-4 x 10(-15) for integr
ation times from 0.3 to 100 degrading to 10(-14) at 1000s, and long te
rm drifts of a few parts in 10(13) per day.