Hip replacement stems manufactured from Ti6Al4V titanium alloy were su
rface treated in one of four ways and tested for dissolution resistanc
e in bovine serum. Those stems treated thermally were found to have si
gnificantly lower metal ion release corn pared with those receiving st
andard commercial treatments. The improved dissolution behaviour is as
sociated with a change in the surface oxide structure from mixed titan
ium oxides to a more stable rutile structure.