Sr. Phillpot, SIMULATION OF SOLIDS AT NONZERO TEMPERATURES IN THE GRAND-CANONICAL ENSEMBLE, Physical review. B, Condensed matter, 49(11), 1994, pp. 7639-7645
A methodology is developed for the simulation of solids in the grand-c
anonical ensemble at nonzero temperatures. Unlike canonical-ensemble s
imulations, this allows vacancies, interstitials, and substitutional i
mpurities to be treated in a systematic way. The utility of the method
is demonstrated by considering the reconstruction of the (110) surfac
e of gold.