PARASITOIDS ASSOCIATED WITH CHIONASPIS-PINIFOLIAE AND CHIONASPIS-HETEROPHYLLAE (HOMOPTERA, DIASPIDIDAE) IN NORTH-AMERICA

The pine needle scales, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) and Chionaspis h eterophyllae Cooley, are host to a number of primary and secondary hym enopterous parasitoids. Species components vary across North America, but trophic components are representative of a general model. This mod el includes three trophic levels: primary ectoparasitoids, primary end oparasitoids, and secondary ectoparasitoids of the primary endoparasit oids. Reported parasitoid complexes from five sites in North America a re reviewed and trophic structure is discussed.