S. Toxvaerd, HAMILTONIANS FOR DISCRETE DYNAMICS, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics, 50(3), 1994, pp. 2271-2274
The discrete dynamics obtained by a simple second-order map is shown t
o lead to an exact integration of harmonic modes with a conserved quan
tity: a ''shadow Hamiltonian.'' The exact relations for ''velocity'' a
nd energy are used to correct the energy obtained by the second-order
algorithm commonly used in molecular dynamics simulations for complex
many-body systems and lead to an improved energy conservation with a f
actor of 4 to 5.