INDUSTRY TYPE, CULTURE, MODE OF ENTRY AND PERCEPTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL MARKETING ETHICS PROBLEMS - A CROSS-CULTURAL-COMPARISON

The authors investigate the differences in ethical perceptions of Aust ralian and Hong Kong international managers. Ethical perceptions are m easured with respect to different industry types, cultures and modes o f entry into international markets. Mode of entry refers to how firms select to enter foreign markets. Modes of entry include: exporting (in direct or direct), contractual methods (licensing and franchising) and via direct foreign investment (joint ventures and wholly-owned subsid iaries). It was determined that culture and mode of entry have a signi ficant effect on the perception of ethical problems.