Objective measures of shyness in the MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study
were obtained in two testing situations: the laboratory and the home.
A longitudinal hierarchical model was fitted to the data, allowing es
timation of the extent to which genetic, shared environmental, and uni
que environmental influences contributed to continuity and change of t
he shyness phenotype from 14 to 20 months of age. The sample consisted
of 163 monozygotic and 138 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs. Models were
fitted to raw data using a maximum-likelihood pedigree approach. Gene
tic, shared environmental, and unique environmental first-order factor
s, with specific variances, were modeled on each of four shyness ratin
gs assessed in the laboratory and home at 14 and 20 months. Four secon
d-order genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental factor
s were also modeled. Results indicated that developmental change from
14 to 20 months and situational specificity between the laboratory and
the home are mediated largely by shared and unique environmental infl
uences. Genetic variation is largely responsible for both the stabilit
y in shyness from 14 to 20 months and the phenotypic correlations obse
rved between the laboratory and the home settings.