CIGARETTE-SMOKING BY SOCIOECONOMIC GROUP, SEX, AND AGE - EFFECTS OF PRICE, INCOME, AND HEALTH PUBLICITY

Objective-To assess effects of price, income, and health publicity on cigarette smoking by age, sex, and socioeconomic group. Design-Econome tric multiple regression analysis of data on cigarette smoking from th e British general household survey. Subjects-Random sample of adult po pulation in Britain interviewed for biennial general household surveys 1972-90. Main outcome measures-Changes in cigarette consumption and p revalence of smoking. Results-Price elasticities of demand for cigaret tes (percentage change in cigarette consumption for a 1% change in pri ce) were significant at -0.5 (95% confidence interval -0.8 to -0.1) fo r men and -0.6 (-0.9 to -0.3) for women, were highest in socioeconomic group V (-1.0 for men and -0.9 for women), and lowest (not significan tly different from zero) in socioeconomic groups I and II. The gradien t in price elasticities by socioeconomic group was significant for men (F=5.6, P=0.02) and for women (F=6.1, P=0.02). Price was a significan t factor in cigarette consumption by age for women in every age group and for men aged 25-34. Cigarette consumption by young men aged 16-34 increased with income. There was a significant decrease in smoking ove r time by women in socioeconomic groups I and II and by men in all age and social groups except socioeconomic group V attributable to health publicity. Price significantly affected smoking prevalence in socioec onomic group V (-0.6 for men and -0.5 for women) and for all women (-0 .2). Conclusions-Men and women in lower socioeconomic groups are more responsive than are those in higher socioeconomic groups to changes in the price of cigarettes and less to health publicity. Women of all ag es, including teenagers, appear to have been less responsive to health publicity than have men but more responsive to price. Response to hea lth publicity decreased linearly with age. Real price increases in cig arettes could narrow differences between socioeconomic groups in smoki ng and the related inequalities in health, but specific measures would be necessary to ameliorate effects on the most deprived families that may include members who continue to smoke. The use of a policy to ste adily increase cigarette tax is likely to help achieve the government' s targets for smoking and smoking related diseases.