DIAGNOSIS

Various invasive and noninvasive diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pyl ori infection are reviewed in the light of the most recent study resul ts. The value of the newer molecular methods both as diagnostic tools of H. pylori infection and for epidemiological purposes is also highli ghted. Every test has good sensitivity and specificity in experienced hands, and the method to be applied may depend on the reason for testi ng as well as on local preference and expertise. On the whole it is re commended that a combination of at least two different tests should be performed on multiple biopsy specimens in order to optimize the diagn ostic yield.