BILE-DUCT INJURIES DURING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Background: With the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, an increase in the incidence of bile duct injury two to three times that seen in open cholecystectomy was witnessed. Although some of these inj uries were blamed on the ''learning curve,'' many occurred long after the surgeon had passed his initial experience. We are still seeing the se injuries today. Methods: To better understand the mechanism behind these injuries, in the hope of reducing the injury rate, 177 cases of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed. Al l records were studied, including the initial operative reports and al l subsequent treatments. Videotapes of the procedures were available f or review in 45 (25%) of the cases. All X-ray studies, including inter operative cholangiograms and ERCPs, were reviewed. Results: The vast m ajority of the injuries seen in this review (71%) were a direct result of the surgeon misidentifying the anatomy. This misidentification led to ligation and division of the common bile duct in 116 (65%) of the cases. Cholangiograms were performed in only 18% (32 patients) of case s, and in only two patients was the bile duct injury recognized as a r esult of the cholangiogram. Review of the X-rays showed that in each i nstance of common bile duct ligation and transection in which a cholan giogram was performed the impending injury was in evidence on the X-ra y films but ignored by the surgeon. Conclusions: From this review, sev eral conclusions can be drawn. First and foremost, the majority of bil e duct injuries seen with laparoscopic cholecystectomy can either be p revented or minimized if the surgeon adheres to a simple and basic rul e of biliary surgery; NO structure is ligated or divided until it is a bsolutely identified! Cholangiography will not prevent bile duct injur y, but if performed properly, it will identify an impending injury bef ore the level of injury is extended. And lastly, the incidence of bile duct injury is not related to the laparoscopic technique but to a fai lure of the surgeon to translate his knowledge and skills from his ope n experience to the laparoscopic technique.