Lipid testing has progressed from early measurements of total lipid by
extraction and weighing to assess the fat content of the specimen. Th
is nonspecific approach to lipid testing has been replaced in clinical
laboratories by automated and quantitative procedures that avoid the
extraction process. Instead, selective enzymes are utilized in reactio
n schemes to quantitate the individual lipid classes present in patien
t specimens. For example, cholesterol esterase and oxidase are used on
a routine basis to measure total cholesterol in plasma and serum spec
imens. Similar use of other enzyme systems has permitted triglycerides
and phospholipids to be measured by clinical laboratories. Lipid and
lipoprotein measurements have advanced considerably from the early non
specific extraction and gravimetric analysis schemes to the specific a
utomated procedures that are commonly used today. However, as lipids a
nd lipoproteins increased in their clinical usefulness as cardiovascul
ar risk assessment tools, the search intensified for newer approaches
to measure these entities more easily and more accurately. The influen
ce of National Cholesterol Education Program has played a key role in
highlighting the importance of lipids and lipoprotein analysis. Today,
lipid testing is available outside the traditional laboratory environ
ments - drugstores sell units that individuals can use at home to asse
ss cholesterol levels. Lipid testing has come a long way, and we have
only begun to experience some of the remarkable changes for the future
.