STANDARD ANTENNAS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC-INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENTS AND METHODS TO CALIBRATE THEM

This tutorial paper discusses various standard antennas for measuring radio-frequency electric and magnetic fields. A theoretical analysis o f each antenna's receiving characteristics is summarized and reference d. The antennas described are an electrically short dipole, a resistiv ely loaded short dipole and half-wave dipole, an electrically small lo op, a resistively loaded loop, photonic probes, and a single-turn loop designed for simultaneous measurement of the electric and magnetic co mponents of near-fields and other complex electromagnetic environments . Each type demonstrates a different compromise between broadband resp onses and sensitivity. This paper also discusses the calibration techn iques for these probes using standard EM fields established in TEM cel ls, waveguide cells, anechoic chambers, and open-field sites.