L. Dittrich et S. Dittrich, REALISM AND SYMBOLISM OF ANIMAL PORTRAITS FROM THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES - ICONOGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ANIMALS, Naturwissenschaften, 81(9), 1994, pp. 383-391
Wild-living animals in landscape paintings of the 16th and 17th centur
y are usually symbols, not to be seen as biological/ecological element
s. As clavis interpretandi they may often explain the symbolic meaning
of the whole painting. The historical genesis of the symbolic meaning
of tree squirrel, European hare, herons, pelicans, white stork, mute
swan, ducks, crane, owls, parrots, sparrows, frogs and snakes are expl
ained.