This paper studies alternative methods of privatizing a formerly commu
nist firm in the presence of imperfect risk markets. The methods inclu
de cash sales, a give-away scheme, and a participation contract where
the government retains a sleeping fractional ownership in the firm. It
is shown that, with competitive bidding, the participation contract d
ominates cash sales because it generates both more private restructuri
ng investment and a higher expected present value of revenue for the g
overnment. Under weak conditions, the participation contract will indu
ce more investment than the give-away scheme, and it may even share th
e cash sales' virtue of incentive compatibility.