Y. Forsell et al., ASSOCIATION OF AGE, SEX, COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION, AND DISABILITY WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN AN ELDERLY SAMPLE, The American journal of psychiatry, 151(11), 1994, pp. 1600-1604
Objective: Previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding
the association of age, sex, and cognitive deficit with depression in
the elderly. However, there is agreement about a relationship between
depressive symptoms and disability. The authors previously conducted
a factor analysis of the symptoms of major depression in elderly subje
cts and found that the symptoms clustered into factors of mood disturb
ance and motivation disturbance. The aim of the present study was to r
eplicate these findings in a larger population sample and relate some
of the variables possibly associated with depression to these two fact
ors. Method: A population sample of 1,304 persons aged 75 years or old
er registered in a parish of Stockholm were examined by physicians to
determine DSM-III-R depressive symptoms and disability in activities o
f daily living. The Mini-Mental State examination was also performed.
Results: Factor analysis showed factors of mood and motivation symptom
s, and these were related differently to the associated variables. Whe
n the other associated variables were controlled for, age was unrelate
d to both types of symptoms. Women had more mood disturbance, but men
had slightly more motivation disturbance. As cognitive function declin
ed, mood disturbance first increased, then decreased. Motivation sympt
oms increased sharply with decreasing cognitive function. A relationsh
ip was found between increasing disability and both the mood and motiv
ation symptoms. Conclusions: In the elderly, symptoms of depression in
volve either mood or motivation disturbance and the two types of sympt
oms are associated with different variables.