R. Saadia et al., PENETRATING CARDIAC INJURIES - CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENTSTRATEGY, British Journal of Surgery, 81(11), 1994, pp. 1572-1575
The management of penetrating cardiac injury is controversial. To faci
litate decision making, a simple clinical classification of patients w
ith such an injury is proposed. Five categories are considered: (1) li
feless, (2) critically unstable, (3) cardiac tamponade, (4) thoracoabd
ominal injury and (5) benign presentation. Investigation, if indicated
, and the timing and setting of surgical intervention are discussed fo
r each category.