The Choctaw Indians known to European colonizers of the eighteenth cen
tury were a multiethnic confederacy that had emerged in the protohisto
ric period. This essay reviews that process and uses the 1765 British
treaty and land grant negotiations with the Choctaw to show how the Ch
octaw continued to insist on the divisional autonomy that reflected th
eir ethnic diversity, even after a hundred years of contact.