Developing countries have unique problems and needs which must be cons
idered when attempting to identify and evaluate the environmental impa
cts of land transport. This paper presents a review of the relevant li
terature that can be used to identify, evaluate and mitigate environme
ntal impacts of land transport facilities (development and operation)
in developing countries. After examining the relevant characteristics
of land transport development in such countries, the paper discusses t
he environmental effects. Controls and countermeasures associated with
each category of impacts are also reviewed under the broad categories
of air, noise and water pollution as well as land use changes and soc
ial and ecological impacts. Issues concerning environmental impact ass
essment/analysis process and transport of hazardous materials are then
addressed. The procedures established by the World Bank for the envir
onmental assessment of Bank-financed projects are mentioned. The paper
concludes with a brief discussion of the responsibilities of the deve
loping countries in meeting the growing challenge of environmental deg
radation.