A series of miniaturized, surface-driven rotary and linear electrostat
ic actuators was designed and fabricated, Finite element analysis meth
od was used to aid in the design and analysis of the electrostatic dri
ve mechanism, The actuators, consisting mainly of a copper-coated 200-
mu m-thick glass epoxy stator board and a 34-mu m-thick carbon-coated
polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) film slider, were fabricated using mod
ified printed circuit board (PCB) techniques, These actuators, able to
carry mechanical loads up to 375 times their own weight, can be used
as micro conveyers or robots in an automated micromachine assembly env
ironment for a wide range of applications.