E. Williams et N. Radin, PATERNAL INVOLVEMENT, MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT, AND ADOLESCENTS ACADEMIC-ACHIEVEMENT - AN 11-YEAR FOLLOW-UP, American journal of orthopsychiatry, 63(2), 1993, pp. 306-312
An 11-year follow-up study explored the effects of paternal involvemen
t in child rearing and maternal employment in prior years on grades an
d educational expectations of a group of white, middle-class adolescen
ts from intact families. Past maternal employment was found to be a mo
re powerful predictor of children's academic performance and expectati
ons than was amount of father involvement. Part-time maternal employme
nt appeared to be optimal for children's academic expectations.