Gh. Almassi et al., LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS OF IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR LEAD SYSTEMS, The Annals of thoracic surgery, 55(4), 1993, pp. 888-892
Over a period of 8.5 years in 255 patients with full-system implantabl
e cardioverter defibrillators, lead-specific complications requiring r
eoperation developed in 32 patients. A total of 36 leads were affected
. Lead fracture was the cause of failure in half of these patients. Re
finement and improvement in structural designs of these leads, use of
endocardial leads, and attention to technical details during implantat
ion should decrease the incidence of these complications.