Er. Atwill et al., ENVIRONMENTAL AND HOST FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SEROPOSITIVITY TO NEW-JERSEY AND INDIANA VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUSES IN COSTA-RICAN CATTLE, Preventive veterinary medicine, 15(4), 1993, pp. 303-314
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Costa Rican cattle to identif
y host risk factors and endemic foci for vesicular stomatitis virus Ne
w Jersey (VSV NJ) and Indiana (VSV IND) serotypes. The effects of age,
gender, breed, residence at specific levels of mean annual rainfall,
temperature, relative evapotranspiration potential, and elevation on t
he risk of seropositivity for VSV NJ and VSV IND were evaluated using
a random-effects logistic-regression model which adjusted for overdisp
ersion between herds. A total of 2232 cattle from 348 farms located th
roughout Costa Rica were examined. Total seroprevalences of 46% and 21
% were found for VSV NJ and VSV IND, respectively. When environmental
risk factors were considered, cattle residing in areas between 500 and
1500 m (premontane or lower montane moist forest) had a higher risk o
f seropositivity to VSV NJ compared with cattle living at lower elevat
ions (odds ratio (OR) greater-than-or-equal-to 3.6). In addition, catt
le residing at 0-500 m and less than 2 m of annual rainfall (tropical
dry forest) were also at a higher risk of seropositivity to VSV NJ com
pared with cattle living at other regions (OR greater-than-or-equal-to
10). This evidence suggests that at least two transmission cycles may
exist for VSV NJ: one located at a higher elevation and the other fou
nd at regions of lower elevation and lower rainfall. These regions may
indicate the location of different arthropod vectors or viral reservo
irs. Antibody prevalence increased with age, suggesting a relationship
between length of residence in an endemic area and the likelihood of
being seropositive to VSV NJ. No factors were associated with VSV IND
seropositivity. The lack of environmental associations with VSV IND se
ropositivity suggested that the transmission cycle for this serotype i
s different than that for VSV NJ.