In this paper we discuss the effects of tip structure on the behaviour
of the scanning tunnelling microscope. The geometry and electronic st
ructure of the tip affect both resolution in imaging and current-volta
ge spectroscopy. Interactions between tip and sample may lead to modif
ication of the sample. Examples of these effects are drawn from a wide
range of systems, including reconstructions on semiconductor surfaces
, imaging of nanostructures and low-temperature scanning tunnelling mi
croscopy.