Kv. Mardia et al., ON THE PENROSE HYPOTHESIS ON FINGERPRINT PATTERNS, IMA journal of mathematics applied in medicine and biology, 9(4), 1992, pp. 289-294
Penrose hypothesized that fingerprint patterns such as loops, whorls,
etc. are formed by ridges corresponding to the lines of curvature of t
he skin of the embryo at the time when the ridges were being formed. U
nder this hypothesis, Smith (1979) has shown analytically how some pat
terns emerge. In this paper it is shown that (i) Smith's differential
equation has an exact solution and (ii) the extension given here suppl
ies the remaining important patterns.