CIRCUS MOVEMENT ATRIAL-FLUTTER IN THE CANINE STERILE PERICARDITIS MODEL - CRYOTHERMAL TERMINATION FROM THE EPICARDIAL SITE OF THE SLOW ZONEOF THE REENTRANT CIRCUIT
N. Isber et al., CIRCUS MOVEMENT ATRIAL-FLUTTER IN THE CANINE STERILE PERICARDITIS MODEL - CRYOTHERMAL TERMINATION FROM THE EPICARDIAL SITE OF THE SLOW ZONEOF THE REENTRANT CIRCUIT, Circulation, 87(5), 1993, pp. 1649-1660
Background. We have shown that atrial flutter (AF) in dogs with steril
e pericarditis is commonly due to a single-loop reentrant circuit in t
he lower right atrium comprised of a functional or functional/anatomic
obstacle and a slow zone of conduction (SZ) between the central obsta
cle and the atrioventricular (AV) ring. The goals of the present study
were 1) to establish that the epicardial SZ is the critical component
of circus movement AF and 2) to identify the optimal site within the
epicardial SZ at which interruption of circus movement can be accompli
shed by ablative techniques. Methods and Results. We analyzed the atri
al activation patterns during epicardial cooling of the SZ with as N2O
-cooled probe in eight dogs (five with clockwise [CW] reentrant circui
t, one with counterclockwise [CCW] reentrant circuit, and two with bot
h CW and CCW reentrant circuits around the same pathway). In all eight
dogs, cooling (-5 to +5-degrees-C for 5-20 seconds) the narrow isthmu
s at the inferoposterior part of the SZ between the central obstacle a
nd the AV ring reversibly terminated the reentrant circuit, whereas co
oling outside this area failed to terminate the reentrant circuit. The
circus movement was not observed to continue along alternate pathways
when conduction in this critical zone was interrupted. Both CW and CC
W reentrant circuits could be terminated from the same site within the
SZ. Cooling resulted in slowing of conduction in the SZ (55+/-15 msec
) in both CW and CCW reentrant circuits. Cooling-induced termination o
f CW reentrant circuits was characteristically associated with oscilla
tions of conduction in the cooled zone of the last three cycles before
termination and conduction block occurred within the cooled zone. The
last ''manifest'' reentrant cycle was associated with the longest con
duction delay in the cooled zone. However, this delay was not necessar
ily reflected in the length of the last reentrant cycle because of com
pensatory acceleration of conduction in the rest of the pathway. On th
e other hand, in CCW reentrant circuits, conduction block occurred abr
uptly at the distal border of the SZ and without significant oscillati
ons of conduction. Conclusions. The present study provides convincing
evidence that single-loop circus movement in this model is critically
dependent on an obligatory conduction in a SZ in the inferoposterior p
ortion of the free right atrial wall between a functional obstacle and
the AV ring. Because the atrial myocardium behaves electrophysiologic
ally as a two-dimensional surface, the results of this study may help
to guide the endocardial electrode catheter ablative technique for tre
atment of clinical AF.