CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS FOR A BINOMIAL PROPORTION

Thirteen methods for computing binomial confidence intervals are compa red based on their coverage properties, widths and errors relative to exact limits. The use of the standard textbook method, x/n +/- 1.96 sq uare-root[(x/n) (1 - x/n)/n], or its continuity corrected version, is strongly discouraged. A commonly cited rule of thumb stating that alte rnatives to exact methods may be used when the estimated proportion p is such that np and n(1 - p) both exceed 5 does not ensure adequate ac curacy. Score limits are easily calculated from closed form solutions to quadratic equations and can be used at all times. Based on coverage functions, the continuity corrected score method is recommended over exact methods. Its conservative nature should be kept in mind, as shou ld the wider fluctuation of actual coverage that accompanies omission of the continuity correction.