LIFE-HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF IMMATURE STAGES OF PROCECIDOCHARES ANTHRACINA (DOANE) (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) ON SOLIDAGO-CALIFORNICA NUTTALL IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Procecidochares anthracina (Doane) is a univoltine, circumnatal, tephr itid fly widely distributed in the western United States and apparentl y nearly monophagous on Solidago californica Nuttall and as yet unknow n congeners probably of similar growth habit. Unique among other Proce cidochares species studied to date, P. anthracina reproduces gregariou sly in underground bud galls on shoots arising from host-plant rhizome s. The egg, first through third instars, and puparium are described an d figured for the first time. The small, rounded, rugose pads that cir cumscribe the prothorax; the presence of four, small subdorsal sensill a ventrolaterad of the dorsal sensory organ and dorsal to the anterior sensory lobe, and the lateral spiracular complexes distinguish the th ird instar from other gallicolous Procecidochares examined to date. Pu pariation occurs within subsurface galls and teneral adults must climb upward through several cm of humus to free themselves and mate. Prema ting, mating, and postmating behaviors are described which include spu rts of exceptionally rapid, blurred wing enantions. Mated females must reenter the humus layer to oviposit in buds on buried shoots, as subs equently must parasitoids to locate and probably enter galls to ovipos it in the larvae or puparia. Eurytoma obtusiventrus Gahan (Hymenoptera : Eurytomidae) is reported as a solitary, larval-pupal endoparasitoid reared from puparia; Pronotalia carlinarium Gradwell (Hymenoptera: Eul ophidae) is a gregarious endoparasitoid of puparia.