Cosmology is discussed in a historical and philosophical context from
the conceptual framework of Newton vis-A-vis Einstein's approach to co
smology in general relativity. It is argued that there is a contradict
ion within the Newtonian approach when it is based on all three of his
laws of motion, as well as bis law of universal gravitation. For Newt
on's third law of motion, implying a closed system at the outset, is s
een to be an important precursor for Einstein's theory of general rela
tivity in the problem of cosmology. Important conceptual differences a
re Newton's ''action-at-a-distance '' concept and atomism, as well as
the feature that gravitational forces can only be attractive. These ar
e contrasted with Einstein's full use of the continuous field concept
and holism, wherein forces propagate at a finite speed between the mat
ter components of a closed system and generally entail both attractive
and repulsive forces. The essay concludes with a discussion of the co
ntemporary inflationary universe cosmology in the contexts of these co
mpeting cosmological approaches.