An improved approximation for stresses (and strains) in plate structur
es is presented. This approximation is highly accurate because it is b
ased on approximations of the element forces, which are more invariant
than the element stresses and strains, and because it captures the no
nlinearity in the stress recovery calculations. Both sizing and shape
design problems are used as examples to show the increased accuracy an
d robustness of this approximation function.