A finite-element model has been used to study steady-state turbulent f
low through bifurcated submerged-entry nozzles with oversized ports ty
pical of those used in the continuous casting of steel. Both 2D and 3D
simulations have been performed with the commercial code FIDAP, using
the standard K-epsilon turbulence model. Predicted velocities from 3D
simulations compare reasonably with experimental measurements using a
hot-wire anemometer conducted in a physical water model, where severe
turbulent fluctuations are present. Results show that a 2D simulation
can also capture the main flow characteristics of the jet existing th
e nozzle and requires two orders of magnitude less computer time than
the 3D simulation. A model combining the nozzle and mould was set up t
o study the effect of the outlet boundary conditions of the nozzle on
the jet characteristics. This modelling technique will assist in the d
esign of submerged-entry nozzles, especially as applied to enhance ste
el quality in the continuous casting process. Further, the model will
provide appropriate inlet boundary conditions for a separate numerical
model of the mould.