HIV integrase (IN) cleaves two nucleotides off the 3' end of viral DNA
and integrates viral DNA into target DNA. Previously, three functiona
l domains in the HIV IN protein have been identified: (i) the central
catalytic domain, (ii) the C-terminal DNA binding domain, and (iii) th
e N-terminal region, which is also necessary for activity. We have now
investigated whether IN proteins mutated in different domains can com
plement each other. Mutant D116I does not contain an intact active sit
e, but does bind DNA, whereas the C-terminal deletion mutant CDELTA73
does not bind DNA, but does have an intact active site. Neither mutant
protein mediates site-specific cleavage or integration. However, a mi
xture of both proteins is active, suggesting that IN functions as an o
ligomer, and that two subunits can have different functions; one subun
it binds the (viral) DNA and another subunit provides the active site.
We found three classes of mutants, corresponding to the three domains
mentioned above. Mutants from different classes, but not from the sam
e class, can complement each other. However, complementation is most e
fficient when the N- and C-termini are present on the same molecule.