Abstract. Embryogenic suspensions of 'Chancellor' (Vitis L. complex in
terspecific hybrid) were bombarded with tungsten particles coated with
plasmid pBI426 encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phospho
transferase (NPTII) which results in kanamycin resistance. Two d after
bombardment, cultures were placed on semi-solid medium containing eit
her 8.6 or 17.2 muM kanamycin. Factors that affect biolistic transform
ation rates were studied. Tungsten microprojectiles with a mean diamet
er of 1.07 mum (M10) resulted in more transient gene expression than 0
.771 mum diameter particles. Using M10 particles, helium pressures of
1000 and 1200 psi yielded more GUS-expressing colonies per plate than
did 800 psi 2 d following bombardment. The number of transformants pre
sent after 34 d was not affected by the helium pressure. The distance
between the particle launch site and the target cells, and the number
of days between the last cell subculture and bombardment, did not affe
ct the numbers of transient and long term GUS expressing colonies. The
addition of 3 g/l of activated charcoal to the post-bombardment mediu
m increased long term GUS expression four fold. Wrapping the plates af
ter bombardment with Parafilm increased long term GUS expression three
fold compared with plates wrapped with a porous venting tape. With up
to 850 transformed callus colonies per plate 23 d after bombardment,
the biolistic device holds much promise as a method to achieve stable
transformation of grapevines.