Dr. Lenat, USING MENTUM DEFORMITIES OF CHIRONOMUS LARVAE TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTSOF TOXICITY AND ORGANIC LOADING IN STREAMS, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 12(3), 1993, pp. 265-269
The percentage of deformities in Chironomus menta was compared with bo
th an independent measure of stream water quality and predictions of i
nstream toxicity. Simple organic loading caused small (nonsignificant)
increases in the frequency of deformities, whereas toxic conditions c
aused large increases in both the number and types of deformities.