K. Domansky et al., MAPPING OF MOBILE CHARGES ON INSULATOR SURFACES WITH THE ELECTROSTATIC FORCE MICROSCOPE, Applied physics letters, 63(11), 1993, pp. 1513-1515
Migration of surface ions in lateral fields on insulator surfaces may
modify the electrical characteristics of underlying semiconductor stru
ctures causing device instabilities. A high sensitivity electrostatic
force microscope is used to image the movement and spatial distributio
n of surface ions on Si3N4. Mobile surface ions are distributed by the
fringing fields of a p-n junction and an open-gate field-effect trans
istor. The surface charge distribution and topography are imaged simul
taneously on a micrometer scale.