Some proteins are very tolerant to amino acid substitution, not only o
n the surface but within the core. Proteins can, however, respond very
differently to the same type of replacement in different parts of the
molecule. From the knowledge of these structural responses, it is bec
oming possible to understand in detail the factors that stabilize prot
eins, which include, for example, the hydrophobic effect, electrostati
c interactions and helix-dipole interactions.