THE MICROVILLI AND HYALINE LAYER OF EMBRYONIC ASTEROID EPITHELIAL COLLAR CELLS - A SENSORY STRUCTURE TO DETERMINE THE POSITION OF LOCOMOTORY CILIA

Early stage embryos of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus exhibit one cil ium per cell which is primarily involved in locomotion. SEM observatio ns have demonstrated two types of microvilli ''stage horn''-like and ' 'finger-like'' microvilli (CMs), both of which probably serve to ancho r and support the hyaline layer (HL). The CMs arise from the cellular membrane a short distance from the base of the ciliary shaft and form a circle around the base of each cilium. This arrangement is found in embryos and larvae as well as in adult tissues of many other marine or ganisms. TEM observations of material prepared by freeze substitution has demonstrated that the HL unites the circle of CMs and forms two co llars. The outer ECM collar is single and attached directly to the CMs , while the inner collar consists of multiple rings of ECM located bet ween the cilium and the CMs. The inner collar elements are not attache d to the cilium but are attached to the inner aspects of the CMs by a complex arrangement consisting of a loop of ECM and two short ECM fibe rs. The arrangement of the ECM of the collars could provide an excelle nt way to transmit the movements of the cilium to the surrounding micr ovilli. Although the bases of the CMs always encircle the ciliary shaf t, the shafts of the CMs are seen in different positions. This suggest s that the CM/ECM collar may be able to change position relative to th e cilium. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrates that the CMs contain phalloidin positive material which extends into a phalloidin positive region located in the apex of the cells. The CMs and apical w eb contain microfilaments which are probably actin and could be involv ed in movement of the CMs. A movable circle of CMs with their associat ed ECM could represent a mechanism to sense the position of the cilium and/or to define the direction and extent of the stroke. (C) 1993 Wil ey-Liss, Inc.