By means of in vivo and in vitro approaches, we studied the effect of
thyroid hormone on postnatal development of rat testis. T3 treatment i
n neonatal rats is associated with an increase of testis size of about
60%, compared to coeval controls. Increased number of both Sertoli an
d germ cells and enlarged diameter of seminiferous cords were found in
hyperplastic testes. In the T3-treated group, TSH serum levels were l
ow and a slight increase of FSH was found. In vitro treatment of neona
tal testis fragments by 10(-7) M T3 for 3 days increased the number of
gonocytes (P<0.001 vs control) and decreased the percentage of degene
rating germ cells (P<0.001 vs control). In the adult testis, both in v
ivo and in vitro treatments with thyroid hormone did not induce morpho
logical modifications, thus demostrating that the critical window of t
hyroid hormone effectiviness coincides with the prepuberal period. Sin
ce thyroid hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete growth factors
and nutrients for germ cell development, we suggest that the increased
testicular size and germ cell number following the T3 treatment is me
diated by a direct hormonal effect on the somatic cell of the seminife
rous epithelium.