MALE MATING SUCCESS AND PATERNITY IN THE GRAY SEAL, HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS - A STUDY USING DNA-FINGERPRINTING

Grey seals breed colonially on remote coastal sites. Within the colony , males compete aggressively for access to the females. We compare fie ld observations of breeding behaviour with paternity, as determined by DNA fingerprinting, in the breeding colony on the island of North Ron a. In 89% of cases where paternity was assigned, the father was observ ed near the mother during her perioestrous period, although in some ca ses this was discovered retrospectively. However, the most likely cand idate male, judged on the basis of behavioural criteria, was shown not to be the father in 36% of cases. Overall, DNA typed males were more dominant, maintained positions amongst the females for longer, and acc ounted for disproportionately more paternities than untyped males. How ever, the reproductive success of the typed males is not as great as t heir behavioural domination of copulatory opportunities would suggest. Possible contributory factors which could explain this include: (i) i mprecision in the estimates of copulatory opportunity due to mobility of males or topographical influences on individual behaviour; and (ii) opportunities for subordinate males to copulate with receptive female s, either sneakily within the colony or in the water.