The pioneering work on the behavior and physiology of bees provides a
fundamental framework on which new experiments can be designed in orde
r to investigate the nature of associative learning in bees. Such stud
ies require investigations not only on the behavior of free-flying bee
s, but also on the behavior of restrained bees as a basis for studies
on the cellular level. In order to combine the results about free-flyi
ng bees with the results obtained in the laboratory, it is first neces
sary to test the validity of the restrained preparation. Therefore, on
e has to deal with the clarification of associations formed during bot
h classical conditioning and instrumental learning. If it is possible
to identify comparable associations, then the results could lead to mu
tually supportive interpretations with respect to the mechanisms and b
iological meaning of learning and memory in the honeybee.