Tm. Antonsen et A. Bondeson, EFFECTS OF TRAPPED THERMAL PARTICLES ON THE N=1 INTERNAL KINK MODE INTOKAMAKS, Physical review letters, 71(13), 1993, pp. 2046-2049
The effects of thermal trapped particles on the internal kink mode are
studied using drift kinetic theory. For equal electron and ion temper
atures, the trapped particles increase the marginal poloidal beta at q
=1 substantially. For unequal temperatures, drift resonance with the h
otter species is destabilizing and can lead to instability below the i
deal magnetohyrodynamics threshold. An electrostatic potential is weak
ly stabilizing for the internal kink. At high beta, fluctuations of tr
apped particle modes couple to the internal kink mode and can lead to
large displacements of the central region.