Gp. Kapaklisdeliyannis et al., A STUDY OF THE ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF IMMUNOBLOTTING PROCEDURES FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST INFLUENZA-VIRUS, Electrophoresis, 14(9), 1993, pp. 926-936
An immunoblotting procedure was used to determine the specificity and
examine some of the properties of antibodies produced following infect
ion of mice with influenza virus or inoculation with noninfectious mat
erial with Alhydrogel or complete Freund's adjuvant. The noninfectious
material used was beta-propiolactone-inactivated influenza virus and
a preparation (HANA) enriched for the surface glycoproteins, hemagglut
inin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). When influenza viral proteins were s
eparated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) under nonreducing conditions, each of the anti-viral antise
ra tested exhibited strong binding. Under reducing conditions, however
, much weaker binding was observed especially towards the HA1 subunit
of HA. This was particularly apparent with antisera raised to virus or
HANA in the absence of adjuvant. A panel of monoclonal antibodies dir
ected to HA also bound well to viral HA separated by SDS-PAGE under no
nreducing conditions but failed to recognize epitopes on HA1 separated
under reducing conditions. These results suggest that when HA is redu
ced and immobilized on a solid support, it does not display the confor
mational features essential for the integrity of all epitopes. The imm
unoblotting procedure was also used to determine the isotype of anti-v
iral antibody directed against individual viral proteins and to detect
matrix protein 2 (M2) in purified influenza virions and influenza-inf
ected cells using antisera raised to a synthetic peptide representing
a sequence within the M2 protein.