Developments in the formulation of vaccines are reviewed and the vacci
nes currently in use, including live attenuated, subunit and inactivat
ed, are briefly described. For BHV1 and BVDV vaccines, the combination
s and their application under various conditions are described togethe
r with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages. Vaccines st
ill in the trial and development stages are also presented. The advant
ages of these latter vaccines in terms of their potentially greater sa
fety are highlighted and the increasing importance of adjuvants for us
e with them is discussed.