Lm. Tolbert et Xd. Zhao, BEYOND THE CYANINE LIMIT - PEIERLS DISTORTION AND SYMMETRY COLLAPSE IN A POLYMETHINE DYE, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 119(14), 1997, pp. 3253-3258
Theory predicts that cyanine dyes and related linear systems undergo s
ymmetry collapse and bond localization at long chain lengths. Beyond t
his ''cyanine limit'', the properties of these systems do not extrapol
ate from their shorter counterparts. To test this prediction, dipyrido
cyanines have been synthesized and shown to undergo such symmetry coll
apse with chain lengths as short as 13.