In recent years a number of new techniques have become available in no
nequilibrium statistical mechanics, all derived From dynamical system
theory, especially From the thermodynamic formalism of Ruelle. We focu
s here on periodic orbit theory, and we compare it with a novel approa
ch proposed by Evans, Cohen, and Morriss, and developed further by Gal
lavotti and Cohen. We argue that the two approaches based on such theo
ries are equivalent for systems of many particles if the underlying dy
namics is similar to that of Anosov systems, and that such equivalence
should remain in more general situations. We extend our previous expl
anation of irreversibility in the thermostatted Lorentz gas to !V-part
icle diffusion and shearing systems.